SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Ubiquitous computing</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ubiquitous computing</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p><b> Ubiquitous computing</b> (or "<b>ubicomp</b>") is a concept in <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, <a href="Hardware_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware engineering">hardware engineering</a> and <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> where <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> is made to appear seamlessly anytime and everywhere. In contrast to <a href="Desktop_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop computing">desktop computing</a>, <a href="Ubiquitous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitous">ubiquitous</a> computing implies use on any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including <a href="Laptop_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptop computers">laptop computers</a>, <a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, <a href="Smart_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart phones">smart phones</a> and <a href="Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminals</a> in everyday objects such as a <a href="Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a> or <a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">a pair of glasses</a>. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, advanced <a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernels</a>, <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="Mobile_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile code">mobile codes</a>, <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>, <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, new <a href="I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/Os</a> and <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interfaces</a>, <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, mobile protocols, <a href="GNSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS">global navigational systems</a>, and new materials.

</p><p>This <a href="Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> is also described as <b>pervasive computing</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nieuwdorp2007-Discourse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieuwdorp2007-Discourse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">ambient intelligence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "everyware".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each term emphasizes slightly different aspects. When primarily concerning the objects involved, it is also known as <a href="Physical_computing" title="Physical computing">physical computing</a>, the <a href="Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a>, <a href="Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic computing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "things that think".

Rather than propose a single definition for ubiquitous computing and for these related terms, a <a href="Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> of properties for ubiquitous computing has been proposed, from which different kinds or flavors of ubiquitous systems and applications can be described.<sup id="cite_ref-Poslad_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poslad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ubiquitous computing themes include: <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a>, <a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">mobile computing</a>, location computing, mobile networking, <a href="Sensor_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor network">sensor networks</a>, <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>, <a href="Context_awareness" title="Context awareness">context-aware</a> smart home technologies, and <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Core_concepts">Core concepts</h2></div>

<p>Ubiquitous computing is the concept of using small internet connected and inexpensive computers to help with everyday functions in an automated fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Mark Weiser</a> proposed three basic forms for <a href="Smart_device" title="Smart device">ubiquitous computing devices</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Weiser91_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><i>Tabs</i>: a wearable device that is approximately a <a href="Centimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimeter">centimeter</a> in size</li>

<li><i>Pads</i>: a hand-held device that is approximately a <a href="Decimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimeter">decimeter</a> in size</li>

<li><i>Boards</i>: an interactive larger display device that is approximately a <a href="Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meter</a> in size</li></ul>

<p>Ubiquitous computing devices proposed by Mark Weiser are all based around flat devices of different sizes with a visual display.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanding beyond those concepts there is a large array of other ubiquitous computing devices that could exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Poslad_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poslad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Mark Weiser coined the phrase "ubiquitous computing" around 1988, during his tenure as Chief Technologist of the <a href="Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)</a>. Both alone and with PARC Director and Chief Scientist <a href="John_Seely_Brown" title="John Seely Brown">John Seely Brown</a>, Weiser wrote some of the earliest papers on the subject, largely defining it and sketching out its major concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiser91_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weiser96_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognizing_the_effects_of_extending_processing_power">Recognizing the effects of extending processing power</h2></div>

<p>Recognizing that the extension of processing power into everyday scenarios would necessitate understandings of social, cultural and psychological phenomena beyond its proper ambit, Weiser was influenced by many fields outside computer science, including "<a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, <a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="Post-Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Modernism">post-Modernism</a>, <a href="Sociology_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of science">sociology of science</a> and <a href="Feminist_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist criticism">feminist criticism</a>". He was explicit about "the humanistic origins of the 'invisible ideal in post-modernist thought'",<sup id="cite_ref-Weiser96_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiser96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referencing as well the ironically <a href="Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> <a href="Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a> novel <i><a href="Ubik" title="Ubik">Ubik</a></i>.

</p><p><a href="Andy_Hopper" title="Andy Hopper">Andy Hopper</a> from Cambridge University UK proposed and demonstrated the concept of "Teleporting" – where applications follow the user wherever he/she moves.

</p><p>Roy Want, while a researcher and student working under Andy Hopper at Cambridge University, worked on the "Active Badge System", which is an advanced location computing system where personal mobility that is merged with computing.

</p><p>Bill Schilit (now at Google) also did some earlier work in this topic, and participated in the early Mobile Computing workshop held in Santa Cruz in 1996.

</p><p><a href="Ken_Sakamura" title="Ken Sakamura">Ken Sakamura</a> of the <a href="University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> leads the Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory (UNL), <a href="Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> as well as the <a href="T-Engine_Forum" title="T-Engine Forum">T-Engine Forum</a>. The joint goal of Sakamura's Ubiquitous Networking specification and the T-Engine forum, is to enable any everyday device to broadcast and receive information.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> has also contributed significant research in this field, notably <i>Things That Think</i> consortium (directed by <a href="Hiroshi_Ishii_(computer_scientist)" title="Hiroshi Ishii (computer scientist)">Hiroshi Ishii</a>, <a href="Joseph_A._Paradiso" title="Joseph A. Paradiso">Joseph A. Paradiso</a> and <a href="Rosalind_Picard" title="Rosalind Picard">Rosalind Picard</a>) at the <a href="MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">Media Lab</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the CSAIL effort known as <a href="Project_Oxygen" title="Project Oxygen">Project Oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major contributors include <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> (<a href="Shwetak_Patel" title="Shwetak Patel">Shwetak Patel</a>, <a href="Anind_Dey" title="Anind Dey">Anind Dey</a> and <a href="James_Landay" title="James Landay">James Landay</a>), <a href="Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>'s HealthX Lab (directed by <a href="Andrew_Campbell_(computer_scientist)" title="Andrew Campbell (computer scientist)">Andrew Campbell</a>), <a href="Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a>'s <a href="Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Computing" title="Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing">College of Computing</a> (<a href="Gregory_Abowd" title="Gregory Abowd">Gregory Abowd</a> and <a href="Thad_Starner" title="Thad Starner">Thad Starner</a>), <a href="Cornell_Tech" title="Cornell Tech">Cornell Tech</a>'s People Aware Computing Lab (directed by <a href="Tanzeem_Choudhury" title="Tanzeem Choudhury">Tanzeem Choudhury</a>), <a href="New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a>'s Interactive Telecommunications Program, <a href="UC_Irvine" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Irvine">UC Irvine</a>'s Department of Informatics, <a href="Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a>, <a href="Intel_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Research">Intel Research</a> and Equator,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajou University UCRi & CUS.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<p>One of the earliest ubiquitous systems was artist <a href="Natalie_Jeremijenko" title="Natalie Jeremijenko">Natalie Jeremijenko</a>'s "Live Wire", also known as "Dangling String", installed at Xerox PARC during Mark Weiser's time there.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a piece of string attached to a <a href="Stepper_motor" title="Stepper motor">stepper motor</a> and controlled by a <a href="LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN">LAN</a> connection; network activity caused the string to twitch, yielding a <i>peripherally noticeable</i> indication of traffic. Weiser called this an example of <i><a href="Calm_technology" title="Calm technology">calm technology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A present manifestation of this trend is the widespread diffusion of mobile phones. Many mobile phones support high speed data transmission, video services, and other services with powerful computational ability. Although these mobile devices are not necessarily manifestations of ubiquitous computing, there are examples, such as Japan's Yaoyorozu ("Eight Million Gods") Project in which mobile devices, coupled with radio frequency identification tags demonstrate that ubiquitous computing is already present in some form.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Ambient_Devices" title="Ambient Devices">Ambient Devices</a> has produced an "orb", a "dashboard", and a "<a href="Weather_beacon" title="Weather beacon">weather beacon</a>": these decorative devices receive data from a <a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network</a> and report current events, such as stock prices and the weather, like the <a href="Nabaztag" title="Nabaztag">Nabaztag</a>, which was invented by <a href="Rafi_Haladjian" title="Rafi Haladjian">Rafi Haladjian</a> and <a href="Olivier_M%C3%A9vel" title="Olivier Mével">Olivier Mével</a>, and manufactured by the company Violet.

</p><p>The Australian futurist <a href="Mark_Pesce" title="Mark Pesce">Mark Pesce</a> has produced a highly configurable 52-<a href="LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> <a href="LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> enabled lamp which uses <a href="Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> named <i>MooresCloud</i> after <a href="Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Unified Computer Intelligence Corporation launched a device called <i>Ubi – The Ubiquitous Computer</i> designed to allow voice interaction with the home and provide constant access to information.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ubiquitous computing research has focused on building an environment in which computers allow humans to focus attention on select aspects of the environment and operate in supervisory and policy-making roles. Ubiquitous computing emphasizes the creation of a human computer interface that can interpret and support a user's intentions. For example, MIT's Project Oxygen seeks to create a system in which computation is as pervasive as air:

</p>

<blockquote><p>In the future, computation will be human centered. It will be freely available everywhere, like batteries and power sockets, or oxygen in the air we breathe...We will not need to carry our own devices around with us. Instead, configurable generic devices, either handheld or embedded in the environment, will bring computation to us, whenever we need it and wherever we might be. As we interact with these "anonymous" devices, they will adopt our information personalities. They will respect our desires for privacy and security. We won't have to type, click, or learn new computer jargon. Instead, we'll communicate naturally, using speech and gestures that describe our intent...<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>This is a fundamental transition that does not seek to escape the physical world and "enter some metallic, gigabyte-infested cyberspace" but rather brings computers and communications to us, making them "synonymous with the useful tasks they perform".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Network robots link ubiquitous networks with <a href="Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>, contributing to the creation of new lifestyles and solutions to address a variety of social problems including the aging of population and nursing care.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="OS_X_Yosemite#Continuity" title="OS X Yosemite">"Continuity"</a> set of features, introduced by <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> in <a href="OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">OS X Yosemite</a>, can be seen as an example of ubiquitous computing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div>

<p>Privacy is easily the most often-cited criticism of ubiquitous computing (ubicomp), and may be the greatest barrier to its long-term success.<sup id="cite_ref-HongLanday2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HongLanday2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_centres">Research centres</h2></div>

<p>

This is a list of notable institutions who claim to have a focus on Ubiquitous computing sorted by country:

</p>

<dl><dt>Canada</dt></dl>

<p>Topological Media Lab, Concordia University, Canada

</p>

<dl><dt>Finland</dt></dl>

<p>Community Imaging Group, <a href="University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a>, Finland

</p>

<dl><dt>Germany</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Telecooperation_Office" title="Telecooperation Office">Telecooperation Office</a> (TECO), <a href="Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" title="Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a>, Germany

</p>

<dl><dt>India</dt></dl>

<p>Ubiquitous Computing Research Resource Centre (UCRC), <a href="Centre_for_Development_of_Advanced_Computing" title="Centre for Development of Advanced Computing">Centre for Development of Advanced Computing</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>Pakistan</dt></dl>

<p>Centre for Research in Ubiquitous Computing (CRUC), Karachi, Pakistan

</p>

<dl><dt>Sweden</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Mobile_Life_Centre" title="Mobile Life Centre">Mobile Life Centre</a>, Stockholm University

</p>

<dl><dt>United Kingdom</dt></dl>

<p>Mixed Reality Lab, University of Nottingham

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ambient_IoT" title="Ambient IoT">Ambient IoT</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambient_media" title="Ambient media">Ambient media</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Computer accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Human-centered_computing" title="Human-centered computing">Human-centered computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_interaction" title="Mobile interaction">Mobile interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a> (ubiquitous city)</li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_commerce" title="Ubiquitous commerce">Ubiquitous commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitous learning">Ubiquitous learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFNieuwdorp2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nieuwdorp, E. (2007). "The pervasive discourse". <i>Computers in Entertainment</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1279540.1279553">10.1145/1279540.1279553</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17759896">17759896</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHansmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Hansmann, Uwe (2003). <i>Pervasive Computing: The Mobile World</i>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-00218-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Adam_Greenfield" title="Adam Greenfield">Greenfield, Adam</a> (2006). <i>Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing</i>. New Riders. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-321-38401-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116021108/http://www.worldhaptics.org/hapticConferences.htm">"World Haptics Conferences"</a>. Haptics Technical Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhaptics.org/hapticConferences.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2011.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Poslad-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poslad_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poslad_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPoslad2009" class="citation book cs1">Poslad, Stefan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pervasivecomputing.se/M7012E_2014/material/Wiley.Ubiquitous.Computing.Smart.Devices.Environments.And.Interactions.May.2009.eBook.pdf"><i>Ubiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Smart Environments and Smart Interaction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-03560-3</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527073110/http://pervasivecomputing.se/M7012E_2014/material/Wiley.Ubiquitous.Computing.Smart.Devices.Environments.And.Interactions.May.2009.eBook.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kang, Byeong-Ho (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242615603">"Ubiquitous Computing Environment Threats and Defensive Measures"</a>. <i>International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Weiser91-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiser91_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiser91_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser1991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Weiser, Mark</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035044/http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html">"The Computer for the 21st Century"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2014.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser1993" class="citation web cs1">Weiser, Mark (March 23, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/some-computer-science-issues-in-ubiquitous-computing/">"Some Computer Science Issues in Ubiquitous Computing"</a>. CACM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528015405/https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/some-computer-science-issues-in-ubiquitous-computing/">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiserGoldBrown1999" class="citation web cs1">Weiser, M.; Gold, R.; Brown, J.S. (1999-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310225239/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/weiser.html">"Ubiquitous computing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/weiser.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Weiser96-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiser96_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiser96_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Weiser, Mark</a> (17 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602090007/http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html">"Ubiquitous computing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrikke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Krikke, J (2005). "T-Engine: Japan's ubiquitous computing architecture is ready for prime time". <i>IEEE Pervasive Computing</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>9. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMPRV.2005.40">10.1109/MPRV.2005.40</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11365911">11365911</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021030140/http://www.t-engine.org/forum-guide/t-engine-summary">"T-Engine Forum Summary"</a>. T-engine.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t-engine.org/forum-guide/t-engine-summary">the original</a> on 21 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttt.media.mit.edu/">"MIT Media Lab – Things That Think Consortium"</a>. <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424101530/http://ttt.media.mit.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxygen.csail.mit.edu/Overview.html">"MIT Project Oxygen: Overview"</a>. <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706065202/http://oxygen.csail.mit.edu/Overview.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/research/equator/">"Equator"</a>. <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410204542/http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/research/equator/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002014124/http://www.cuslab.com/">"Center of excellence for Ubiquitous System"</a> (in Korean). CUS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuslab.com">the original</a> on 2 October 2011.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser2017" class="citation web cs1">Weiser, Mark (2017-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/designing-calm-technology/">"Designing Calm Technology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306211442/https://www.karlstechnology.com/blog/designing-calm-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiserGoldBrown1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Weiser, Mark</a>; Gold, Rich; <a href="John_Seely_Brown" title="John Seely Brown">Brown, John Seely</a> (1999). "The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s". <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 693. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.384.0693">10.1147/sj.384.0693</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38805890">38805890</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2008" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Jenifer (December 2008). "Emerging Policy Problems Related to Ubiquitous Computing: Negotiating Stakeholders' Visions of the Future". <i>Knowledge, Technology & Policy</i>. <b>21</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>203. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12130-008-9058-4">10.1007/s12130-008-9058-4</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F63534">10125/63534</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109339320">109339320</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFingas2012" class="citation web cs1">Fingas, Jon (13 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/13/moorescloud-light-runs-linux-puts-lamp-on-your-lamp/">"MooresCloud Light runs Linux, puts LAMP on your lamp (video)"</a>. Engadget.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325124949/https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/13/moorescloud-light-runs-linux-puts-lamp-on-your-lamp/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102105946/http://www.theubi.com/">"Ubi Cloud"</a>. Theubi.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theubi.com">the original</a> on 2 January 2015.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040705165822/http://oxygen.csail.mit.edu/Overview.html">"MIT Project Oxygen: Overview"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxygen.csail.mit.edu/Overview.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2004.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024203219/http://www.scat.or.jp/nrf/English/index.html">"Network Robot Forum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scat.or.jp/nrf/English/index.html">the original</a> on October 24, 2007.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFdeAgonia2014" class="citation magazine cs1">deAgonia, Michael (2014-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2490407/apple-s-continuity-tack-brings-ubiquitous-computing-to-yosemite-and-ios-8.html">"Apple's Continuity tack brings ubiquitous computing to Yosemite and iOS 8"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131184558/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2490407/apple-s-continuity-tack-brings-ubiquitous-computing-to-yosemite-and-ios-8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-31</span></span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite magazine}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HongLanday2004-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HongLanday2004_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHongLanday2004" class="citation book cs1">Hong, Jason I.; Landay, James A. (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~jasonh/publications/mobisys2004-confab-final.pdf">"An architecture for privacy-sensitive ubiquitous computing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/6469793"><i>Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services - MobiSYS '04</i></a>. pp. 177=189. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F990064.990087">10.1145/990064.990087</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1581137931</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3776760">3776760</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707165631/http://deity.gov.in/content/ubiquitous-computing-projects-dpl-emerging-areas">"Ubiquitous Computing Projects"</a>. <i>Department of Electronics & Information Technology (DeitY)</i>. Ministry of Communications & IT, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deity.gov.in/content/ubiquitous-computing-projects-dpl-emerging-areas">the original</a> on 2015-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Adam_Greenfield" title="Adam Greenfield">Adam Greenfield</a>'s book <i>Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing</i> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-321-38401-6</bdi>.</li>

<li>Salim, Flora, Abowd, Gregory <i>UbiComp-ISWC '20: Adjunct Proceedings of the 2020 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2020 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers</i> Association for Computing Machinery, New York, United States <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4503-8076-8</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ubiquitous_computing" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pervasiveconference.org/2012/">International Conference on Pervasive Computing</a> (Pervasive)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/locate/pmc">Pervasive and Mobile Computing journal, PMC (Elsevier)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202222104/http://www.ambientmediaassociation.org/Journal/">Proceedings of the Semantic Ambient Media Workshop Series (iAMEA)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ubicomp.eti.uni-siegen.de/home/publications/">University of Siegen, ubicomp home publications</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science1050" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Computer_science1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></li>

<li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption</a> (green computing)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber-physical_system" title="Cyber-physical system">Cyber-physical system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Network protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li>

<li><a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_process_control" title="Industrial process control">Process control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_computing">Human–centered computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li>

<li><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li>

<li>Differentiable computing</li>

<li><a href="Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> Glossaries</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extended_reality_(XR)1415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extended_reality_(XR)1415" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Reality%E2%80%93virtuality_continuum" title="Reality–virtuality continuum">From least to most virtual:</a> <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality (AR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality (MR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality (VR)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">Virtuality</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cinematic_virtual_reality" title="Cinematic virtual reality">Cinematic virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">Computer-mediated reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">Avatar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Projection_augmented_model" title="Projection augmented model">Projection augmented model</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Room-scale" title="Room-scale">Room-scale</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom (6DoF)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_applications" title="Virtual reality applications">Virtual reality applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">Virtual reality sickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Filter_(social_media)" title="Filter (social media)">Camera filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">Quantified self</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen-door_effect" title="Screen-door effect">Screen-door effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a></li>

<li><a href="Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_head-mounted_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical head-mounted display">optical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancake_lens#Other_uses" title="Pancake lens">Pancake lens</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a>

<li><a href="Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">Facial motion capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger/hand tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Pose_tracking" title="Pose tracking">Pose tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asynchronous_reprojection" title="Asynchronous reprojection">Asynchronous reprojection</a></li>

<li><a href="Foveated_rendering" title="Foveated rendering">Foveated rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based modeling and rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_audio_effect" title="3D audio effect">Spatial audio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">Free viewpoint television</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera">Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera</a></li>

<li><a href="VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haptic_suit" title="Haptic suit">Haptic suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">Omnidirectional treadmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cyberith_Virtualizer" title="Cyberith Virtualizer">Cyberith Virtualizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Leap_Motion" title="Leap Motion">Leap Motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a></li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li>

<li><a href="Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtuix_Omni" title="Virtuix Omni">Virtuix Omni</a></li>

<li><a href="Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li>

<li><a href="Wizdish_ROVR" title="Wizdish ROVR">Wizdish ROVR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Brilliant_Labs" title="Brilliant Labs">Brilliant Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a></li>

<li><a href="Collabora" title="Collabora">Collabora</a></li>

<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_Image" title="Liquid Image">Liquid Image</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li>

<li><a href="Niantic%2C_Inc." title="Niantic, Inc.">Niantic, Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li>

<li><a href="Rokoko_(company)" title="Rokoko (company)">Rokoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Varjo" title="Varjo">Varjo</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigscreen_Beyond" title="Bigscreen Beyond">Bigscreen Beyond</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden-i" title="Golden-i">Golden-i headsets</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Quest_3" title="Meta Quest 3">Meta Quest 3</a>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Virtual_Reality" title="Open Source Virtual Reality">Open Source Virtual Reality</a></li>

<li><a href="PICO_4" title="PICO 4">PICO 4 Ultra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_VR2" title="PlayStation VR2">PlayStation VR2</a></li>

<li><a href="Valve_Index" title="Valve Index">Valve Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AntVR" title="AntVR">AntVR</a></li>

<li><a href="CastAR" title="CastAR">castAR</a></li>

<li><a href="VPL_Research" title="VPL Research">EyePhone</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Google Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Google Daydream</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Quest_Pro" title="Meta Quest Pro">Meta Quest Pro</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a>

<li><a href="Oculus_Go" title="Oculus Go">Oculus Go</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a></li>

<li><a href="Quest_2" title="Quest 2">Oculus/Meta Quest 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a>

<li><a href="PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Gear_VR" title="Samsung Gear VR">Samsung Gear VR</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensorama" title="Sensorama">Sensorama</a></li>

<li><a href="SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sword_of_Damocles_(virtual_reality)" title="The Sword of Damocles (virtual reality)">The Sword of Damocles</a></i></li>

<li><a href="VFX1_Headgear" title="VFX1 Headgear">VFX1 Headgear</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtuality_(product)" title="Virtuality (product)">Virtuality</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreleased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_graffiti" title="Virtual graffiti">Virtual graffiti</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Pervasive_game" title="Pervasive game">Pervasive game</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality" title="List of software related to augmented reality">Software related to augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems and<br>desktop environments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS_version_history" title="Meta Horizon OS version history">version history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development tools and<br>game engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A-Frame_(software)" title="A-Frame (software)">A-Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li>

<li><a href="ARKit" title="ARKit">ARKit</a></li>

<li><a href="ARToolKit" title="ARToolKit">ARToolKit</a></li>

<li><a href="Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Spatial SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVR" title="OpenVR">OpenVR</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenXR" title="OpenXR">OpenXR</a></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">RealityKit</a></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">TabletopKit</a></li>

<li><a href="Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Universal_Scene_Description" title="Universal Scene Description">Universal Scene Description</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuforia_Augmented_Reality_SDK" title="Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK">Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_HTC_Vive_games" title="List of HTC Vive games">List of HTC Vive games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Meta_Quest_games" title="List of Meta Quest games">List of Meta Quest games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Oculus_Rift_games" title="List of Oculus Rift games">List of Oculus Rift games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_PlayStation_VR_games" title="List of PlayStation VR games">List of PlayStation VR games</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities and<br>social networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li>

<li><a href="FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a> for visionOS</li>

<li><i><a href="Horizon_Worlds" title="Horizon Worlds">Horizon Worlds</a></i></li>

<li><a href="NeosVR" title="NeosVR">NeosVR</a></li>

<li><a href="Resonite" title="Resonite">Resonite</a></li>

<li><a href="Sansar_(video_game)" title="Sansar (video game)">Sansar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensorium_Corporation" title="Sensorium Corporation">Sensorium</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinespace" title="Sinespace">Sinespace</a></li>

<li><a href="VRChat" title="VRChat">VRChat</a></li>

<li><a href="VTime_XR" title="VTime XR">VTime XR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philippe_Bekaert" title="Philippe Bekaert">Philippe Bekaert</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Birrell" title="Simon Birrell">Simon Birrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Bolas" title="Mark Bolas">Mark Bolas</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Bradley_(actor)" title="Brendan Bradley (actor)">Brendan Bradley</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bo%C5%A1tjan_Burger" title="Boštjan Burger">Boštjan Burger</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolina_Cruz-Neira" title="Carolina Cruz-Neira">Carolina Cruz-Neira</a></li>

<li><a href="Ela_Darling" title="Ela Darling">Ela Darling</a></li>

<li><a href="Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Fisher_(technologist)" title="Scott Fisher (technologist)">Scott Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome_Foster_II" title="Jerome Foster II">Jerome Foster II</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Furness_III" title="Thomas A. Furness III">Thomas A. Furness III</a></li>

<li><a href="Morton_Heilig" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Howlett" title="Eric Howlett">Eric Howlett</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Iribe" title="Brendan Iribe">Brendan Iribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Myron_W._Krueger" title="Myron W. Krueger">Myron W. Krueger</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a></li>

<li><a href="R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmer_Luckey" title="Palmer Luckey">Palmer Luckey</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Stephen_Meadows" title="Mark Stephen Meadows">Mark Stephen Meadows</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_and_Uri_Kranot" title="Michelle and Uri Kranot">Michelle and Uri Kranot</a></li>

<li><a href="Tony_Parisi_(software_developer)" title="Tony Parisi (software developer)">Tony Parisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonny_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Nonny de la Peña">Nonny de la Peña</a></li>

<li><a href="Elia_Petridis" title="Elia Petridis">Elia Petridis</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_J._Sandin" title="Daniel J. Sandin">Daniel J. Sandin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieter_Schmalstieg" title="Dieter Schmalstieg">Dieter Schmalstieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Stenger" title="Nicole Stenger">Nicole Stenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li>

<li><a href="Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Attack_of_the_Killer_App" title="Attack of the Killer App">Attack of the Killer App (Futurama Episode)</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a></i> <i>(<a href="Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>)</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Netrunner" title="Netrunner">Netrunner</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ready_Player_One" title="Ready Player One">Ready Player One</a></i>

<li><i><a href="Ready_Player_Two" title="Ready Player Two">Ready Player Two</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Superhot" title="Superhot">Superhot</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sword_Art_Online" title="Sword Art Online">Sword Art Online</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Portals

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3ATechnology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category

<ul><li>Augmented reality</li>

<li>Mixed reality</li>

<li>Virtual reality</li>

<li>Metaverse</li>

<li>Spatial computing</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extended_Reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Extended Reality">Commons</a>

<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augmented_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mixed_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metaverse" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambient_intelligence78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ambient_intelligence78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambient_IoT" title="Ambient IoT">Ambient IoT</a></li>

<li><a href="Context_awareness" title="Context awareness">Context awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_ecology" title="Device ecology">Device ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_hyperlinking" title="Object hyperlinking">Object hyperlinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Profiling_(information_science)" title="Profiling (information science)">Profiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Spime" title="Spime">Spime</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">Web of Things</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor networks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="6LoWPAN" title="6LoWPAN">6LoWPAN</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_0" title="Internet 0">Internet 0</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_to_machine" title="Machine to machine">Machine to machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a></li>

<li><a href="Contiki" title="Contiki">Contiki</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">Gadgeteer</a></li>

<li><a href="IoBridge" title="IoBridge">ioBridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Netduino" title="Netduino">Netduino</a></li>

<li><a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li>

<li><a href="TinyOS" title="TinyOS">TinyOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiring_(development_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a></li>

<li><a href="Xively" title="Xively">Xively</a></li>

<li><a href="NodeMCU" title="NodeMCU">NodeMCU</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambient_device" title="Ambient device">Ambient device</a></li>

<li><a href="CeNSE" title="CeNSE">CeNSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected car</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li>

<li><a href="HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_refrigerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet refrigerator">Internet refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabaztag" title="Nabaztag">Nabaztag</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kevin_Ashton" title="Kevin Ashton">Kevin Ashton</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaetano_Borriello" title="Gaetano Borriello">Gaetano Borriello</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Dunkels" title="Adam Dunkels">Adam Dunkels</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefano_Marzano" title="Stefano Marzano">Stefano Marzano</a></li>

<li><a href="Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Don Norman</a></li>

<li><a href="Roel_Pieper" title="Roel Pieper">Roel Pieper</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Preishuber-Pfl%C3%BCgl" title="Josef Preishuber-Pflügl">Josef Preishuber-Pflügl</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Seely_Brown" title="John Seely Brown">John Seely Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Mark Weiser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambient_Devices" title="Ambient Devices">Ambient Devices</a></li>

<li><a href="AmbieSense" title="AmbieSense">AmbieSense</a></li>

<li><a href="Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">Ebbits project</a></li>

<li><a href="IPSO_Alliance" title="IPSO Alliance">IPSO Alliance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541265#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541265#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1160283">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4657367-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002000759">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146048227">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146048227">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01003351">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007530334205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083817581">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/a4919bc7-0028-4720-8161-9649ff0e6a60">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ubiquitous_computing&oldid=1291758234">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>